Arabic exportsFood & drinkTrade, money & letters

sugar

Sanskrit śarkarā meant 'grit, gravel' before it named crystals of sugar; the word rode the sugar trade through Persian and Arabic, Arab plantations in Sicily and Spain carried it into every European language, and Greek physicians, who had taken it straight from India, passed it on to Russian. Atlantic plantations took it on to Brazil, Mexico and Haiti.

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The road to English

From Sanskrit to Pali

From Sanskrit to Prakrit, Hindi

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From Sanskrit to Koine Greek, Latin, New Latin

From Koine Greek to Byzantine Greek, Old East Slavic, Russian

From Middle Persian to Persian, Ottoman Turkish, Turkish

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From Arabic to Old Spanish, Spanish, Mexican Spanish

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From Old French to French, Haitian Creole

From English to American English

1000 BCESanskrit

Hops are evenly spaced; labels show the year each form is first attested.