Arabic exportsFood & drink

kebab

Arabic kabāb, pieces of fried or grilled meat, is in a 10th-century Baghdad cookbook. It spread with Islamic cooking through Persian, Turkish and the languages of India, English travellers brought it home in the 1670s, and Turkish workers' döner kebab in 1970s West Germany made it the street food of Europe.

Weakest linkProbable

The road to English

From Arabic to Persian, Urdu

From Arabic to Ottoman Turkish, Turkish, German

From German to French

From Turkish to Modern Greek

From Turkish to Japanese

From Persian to Azerbaijani

From Persian to Hindi

From Arabic to Modern Hebrew

From Arabic to Swahili

From English to American English

950 CEArabic

Hops are evenly spaced; labels show the year each form is first attested.