Trade, money & lettersAnimals, plants & weatherArabic exports

crimson

Crimson was the colour of a dye made from the kermes insect, whose Arabic name qirmiz came from an Iranian word built on 'worm'. Italy's silk trade spread the colour word across Europe, Medieval Latin blended it into carmine, and in Turkish qirmizī simply became the word for 'red'.

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791 CEArabic

Hops are evenly spaced; labels show the year each form is first attested.