Trade, money & letters

Carthage

Carthage is Phoenician Qart-ḥadasht, 'New City', new as opposed to the mother city of Tyre. Greek, Latin and perhaps Etruscan each adapted the name; Spain's Cartagena repeats it by way of Arabic and passed it to Colombia, and Arabic Qarṭāj and a string of American towns keep it alive.

Weakest linkProbable

The road to English

From Phoenician to Etruscan

From Latin to Andalusian Arabic, Old Spanish, Spanish

From Latin to Arabic

From Latin to Italian

From Latin to German

From English to American English

750 BCEPhoenician

Hops are evenly spaced; labels show the year each form is first attested.